Furry Diary

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Leopard Sailfin Pleco

Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855)

Also called Amazon sailfin catfish, Leopard pleco, Common pleco (trade name), Chocolate pleco (amelanistic form), Janitor fish

SpeciesShort profile

From Lower, middle and upper Amazon River basin in Brazil and Peru.12

At a glance the quick version

Length43 to 57.8 cm21
Sizelarge
Handsome leopard pattern
Robust and adaptable
Can breathe air when oxygen is low
21

Looks how to spot one

Armoured suckermouth catfish (bony scutes)

A large sailfin pleco with a broad, high dorsal fin carrying many rays (11 to 13), which separates it from Hypostomus plecos. Its armoured body is covered in leopard-like dark spots, and the trade also offers albino and pale 'chocolate' forms.2

Coloursdark leopard spotting on a lighter basealbinoamelanistic 'chocolate'2

Personality what they are like

A calm, bottom-living grazer that spends its time on wood, rocks and the substrate. Like its relatives it is most active around dusk and night.23

Daily activity how busy a day looks

Needs lots of floor space; in nature members of its genus dig burrows into riverbanks.24

Grooming and care the hands-on bits

Heavy feeder, so it needs powerful filtration and regular water changes, plus an aquarium sized for a fish that can pass 40 cm. Never release one into the wild.21

Home where they are happiest

Tropical water around 23 to 28 C, pH about 7.0 to 7.5 and moderately hard (10 to 20 dH), with driftwood and large caves.12

Food basics what goes in the bowl

Grazes on algae and detritus and picks at small bottom-living organisms; in aquariums, algae wafers and vegetables with some protein foods suit it.41

The story where it all began

Francis de Castelnau described this species in 1855 from the Amazon. It became a mainstay of the aquarium trade, where it is often sold under the general name 'common pleco' alongside Hypostomus plecostomus.21

Fun facts for the dinner table

  1. 1

    It is a facultative air-breather and can take air at the surface during dry spells or low-oxygen periods.2

  2. 2

    Counting the dorsal fin rays tells it apart from Hypostomus plecos: 11 to 13 rays versus 5 to 8.2

  3. 3

    Males of its genus dig tunnels into riverbanks where a female lays her eggs.4

  4. 4

    An amelanistic colour form is sold in the hobby as the 'chocolate pleco'.2

Recognised by the official bits

IUCN Red List
Least Concern (assessed 25 November 2020)1
Taxonomy
Described by Castelnau in 1855; family Loricariidae1

The care rhythm Furry Diary remembers it for you

A typical home-care rhythm for a Leopard Sailfin Pleco. It is our own starting plan, not a vet's advice, and you can change every line in the app.

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Where this comes from

Every breed page shows where each fact comes from. If we got something wrong, sorry, we are pet people, not a science magazine. Tell us at support@furrydiary.app and we will fix it.

  1. FishBase: Pterygoplichthys pardalis fishbase.seused for distribution, size, weight, water parameters, IUCN
  2. Wikipedia: Pterygoplichthys pardalis en.wikipedia.orgused for names, size, weight, colour forms, identification, air breathing, history
  3. Wikipedia: Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps en.wikipedia.orgused for nocturnal habits of the genus
  4. USGS NAS: Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus fact sheet (genus notes) nas.er.usgs.govused for genus burrowing and breeding behaviour, diet

Checked 2026-09-30. Text is written in our own words from these sources.